Apatridia. Protección internacional y reconocimiento de su estatuto jurídico en España

La apatridia es una vulneración de derechos humanos que afecta a millones de personas en el mundo y a miles en España. No se trata solo del incumplimiento del derecho humano a una nacionalidad, sino de todos los demás que exigen la posesión de una para ser ejercitados en la práctica de forma efectiva. La nacionalidad moderna, entendida como vínculo jurídico entre la persona y el Estado a través del cual este le reconoce derechos y deberes, es una institución que ejerce de frontera, al actuar como elemento clave para delimitar la soberanía personal de aquel Estado. Así, hereda los componentes de inclusión y, a la vez, exclusión de la ciudadanía clásica, a la cual reemplaza. Hoy se entiende por ciudadanía un vínculo político entre aquellas partes, la participación política y el ejercicio pleno de derechos, especialmente de índole política, para lo cual es necesario tener la nacionalidad del Estado en el que pueden ser disfrutados. De esta forma, no hay ciudadanía sin nacionalidad, pero puede haber nacionalidad sin ciudadanía. La importancia de la nacionalidad se proclama en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos y la carencia de ella es el objeto de dos convenciones internacionales específicas: la Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Apátridas, de 1954, centrada en la protección de apátridas; y la Convención para reducir los casos de apatridia, de 1961, dirigida a evitar la apatridia. Esta debe ser abordada desde cuatro pilares: la identificación y protección de las personas apátridas, y la prevención y reducción de la apatridia. El Estado español ha ratificado las dos convenciones internacionales sobre apatridia de Naciones Unidas, pero existen graves lagunas en algunos de dichos pilares fundamentales. La identificación de apátridas es compleja y las distintas fuentes ofrecen cifras dispares; la protección alterna buenas prácticas con una deficiente protección, especialmente en el caso de solicitantes del estatuto de apátrida y en cuanto al acceso a la nacionalidad española por residencia de las personas reconocidas con dicho estatuto; mientras que la prevención y reducción de la apatridia se ajustan a los estándares internacionales ofreciendo garantías para evitar la apatridia originaria y sobrevenida, aunque existe un margen de mejora. En concreto, este trabajo de investigación propone la reforma del procedimiento actual de reconocimiento del estatuto de apátrida con el fin de garantizar la calidad y efectividad de las solicitudes para obtener dicho estatuto, y para ofrecer una adecuada protección jurídica durante aquel procedimiento que, en definitiva, facilite la integración social de las personas afectadas. Asimismo, y como la protección de una persona apátrida nunca será plena hasta la adquisición de una nacionalidad efectiva, también se propone la reducción del plazo para la adquisición de la nacionalidad española por residencia por parte de las personas apátridas a un término reducido no superior a los dos años

Revista de Vertebrados de la Estación Biológica de Doñaña

Alimentación de la boga del Guadiana (Chondrostoma polylepis wi/lkommi, Stein. 1866) en la interfase río-embalse de Sierra Boyera (Córdoba. España)Predación del búho real (Bubo bubo) sobre la perdiz roja (Alectoris rufa): selección de edad y sexoAlimentación de la nutria (Lutra lufra L, 1758)en el Nordeste de la Península IbéricaDatos sobre la distribución espacialde micromamíferos en el Parque Nacionalde DoñanaGuía para el reconocimiento microscópico de los pelos de los mamíferos de la Patagonia.Sobre la distribución geográfica de Anaecypris hispanica (STEINDACHNER, 1866) (OSTEICHTHYES, CYPRINIDAE)Cronología del periodo reproductor de Rana temporaria L. en La Coruña (NW de España).Un nuevo caso de melanismo en Natrix natrix (LINNAEUS 1758) procedente de Fuente Dé (Santander)Nuevas citas de anfibios y reptiles para el SE de la Península Ibérica.Datos sobre la dieta invernal del Búho chico (Asia atus) en la provinvia de LeónLa Distribucióndel Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) según criterios ecológicos e históricosSolapamiento entre la dieta de la cabra montés (Capra pyrenaica) y la del muflón (Ovis musimon)Nota sobre dietas de carnívoros e índices de abundancia en una Reserva de caza del norte de España.Discriminación osteométrica en el géneroTalpa (LINNEO, 1758), en el norte IbéricoObservaciones sobre el comportamiento depredativo de algunos colúbridos Ibéricos en estado salvajePeer reviewe

Desafíos y tendencias del México actual

Conjunto de once ensayos cuyo propósito es suscitar la reflexión sobre las tendencias más importantes que marcan el inicio del siglo XXI en México y Jalisco, sin obviar las direcciones que a escala mundial toman la vida social, política y económica.ITESO, A.C

mtDNA Haplogroup A Enhances the Effect of Obesity on the Risk of Knee OA in a Mexican Population

[Abstract] To evaluate the influence of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups on the risk of knee OA in terms of their interaction with obesity, in a population from Mexico. Samples were obtained from (n = 353) knee OA patients (KL grade ≥ I) and (n = 364) healthy controls (KL grade = 0) from Mexico city and Torreon (Mexico). Both Caucasian and Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups were assigned by single base extension assay. A set of clinical and demographic variables, including obesity status, were considered to perform appropriate statistical approaches, including chi-square contingency tables, regression models and interaction analyses. To ensure the robustness of the predictive model, a statistical cross-validation strategy of B = 1000 iterations was used. All the analyses were performed using boot, GmAMisc and epiR package from R software v4.0.2 and SPSS software v24. The frequency distribution of the mtDNA haplogroups between OA patients and healthy controls for obese and non-obese groups showed the haplogroup A as significantly over-represented in knee OA patients within the obese group (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.22-4.05; p-value = 0.008). The subsequent logistic regression analysis, including as covariate the interaction between obesity and mtDNA haplogroup A, supported the significant association of this interaction (OR 2.57; 95% CI 1.24-5.32; p-value = 0.011). The statistical cross-validation strategy confirmed the robustness of the regression model. The data presented here indicate a link between obesity in knee OA patients and mtDNA haplogroup A.This work is supported by Grants from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI17/00210, PI16/02124, PI20/00614, RETIC-RIER-RD16/0012/0002 and PRB3-ISCIII-PT17/0019/0014) integrated in the National Plan for Scientific Program, Development and Technological Innovation 2013–2016 and funded by the ISCIII-General Subdirection of Assessment and Promotion of Research-European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) “A way of making Europe” and Grant IN607A2017/11 from Xunta de Galicia. The authors further acknowledge AE CICA-INIBIC (ED431E 2018/03) for financial support. IRP is supported by Contrato Miguel Servet-II Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (CPII17/00026) and AD-S is supported by Grant IN606A-2018/023 from Xunta de Galicia, Spain. The Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBER) is an initiative from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)Xunta de Galicia; IN607A2017/11Xunta de Galicia; ED431E 2018/03Xunta de Galicia; IN606A-2018/02

Ecología y desarrollo humano

Con motivo de la publicación de la Encíclica "Laudato si'. Sobre el cuidado de la casa común" del Papa Francisco, la Universidad de Navarra organizó el 18 de marzo de 2016 una jornada interdisciplinar titulada "Ecología y desarrollo humano. Conversaciones sobre Laudato si'". La jornada pretendía incitar tanto al estudio y la profundización intelectual como al compromiso práctico acerca de las propuestas formuladas en la Encíclica. Se recogen en esta publicación los textos de las intervenciones iniciales de los ponentes en cada una de las mesas redondas. Se incluye también el coloquio de la primera mesa redonda sobre "El cuidado de la creación, responsabilidad del cristiano", así como las conclusiones de la jornada, que proponen vías para el desarrollo del compromiso ambiental y social en nuestra Universidad

Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatits C Virus Coinfection in Spain: Elimination Is Feasible, but the Burden of Residual Cirrhosis Will Be Significant

Background: We assessed the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV-Abs) and active HCV infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Spain in 2016 and compared the results with those of similar studies performed in 2002, 2009, and 2015. Methods: The study was performed in 43 centers during October-November 2016. The sample was estimated for an accuracy of 2% and selected by proportional allocation and simple random sampling. During 2016, criteria for therapy based on direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) were at least significant liver fibrosis, severe extrahepatic manifestations of HCV, and high risk of HCV transmissibility. Results: The reference population and the sample size were 38904 and 1588 patients, respectively. The prevalence of HCV-Abs in 2002, 2009, 2015, and 2016 was 60.8%, 50.2%, 37.7%, and 34.6%, respectively (P trend <.001, from 2002 to 2015). The prevalence of active HCV in 2002, 2009, 2015, and 2016 was 54.0%, 34.0%, 22.1%, and 11.7%, respectively (P trend <.001). The anti-HCV treatment uptake in 2002, 2009, 2015, and 2016 was 23.0%, 48.0%, 59.3%, and 74.7%, respectively (P trend <.001). In 2016, HCV-related cirrhosis was present in 7.6% of all HIV-infected individuals, 15.0% of patients with active HCV, and 31.5% of patients who cleared HCV after anti-HCV therapy. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that with universal access to DAA-based therapy and continued efforts in prevention and screening, it will be possible to eliminate active HCV among HIV-infected individuals in Spain in the short term. However, the burden of HCV-related cirrhosis will continue to be significant among HIV-infected individuals.This work was funded by grant Ref. no. GLD14-00279 from the GILEAD Fellowship Programme (Spain) and by the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RD16/0025/0017, RD16/0025/0018) that is included in the Spanish I+D+I Plan and is co-financed by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluacion and European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER).S

Epidemiological trends of HIV/HCV coinfection in Spain, 2015-2019

Altres ajuts: Spanish AIDS Research Network; European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER).Objectives: We assessed the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and active HCV infection (HCV-RNA-positive) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Spain in 2019 and compared the results with those of four similar studies performed during 2015-2018. Methods: The study was performed in 41 centres. Sample size was estimated for an accuracy of 1%. Patients were selected by random sampling with proportional allocation. Results: The reference population comprised 41 973 PLWH, and the sample size was 1325. HCV serostatus was known in 1316 PLWH (99.3%), of whom 376 (28.6%) were HCV antibody (Ab)-positive (78.7% were prior injection drug users); 29 were HCV-RNA-positive (2.2%). Of the 29 HCV-RNA-positive PLWH, infection was chronic in 24, it was acute/recent in one, and it was of unknown duration in four. Cirrhosis was present in 71 (5.4%) PLWH overall, three (10.3%) HCV-RNA-positive patients and 68 (23.4%) of those who cleared HCV after anti-HCV therapy (p = 0.04). The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies decreased steadily from 37.7% in 2015 to 28.6% in 2019 (p < 0.001); the prevalence of active HCV infection decreased from 22.1% in 2015 to 2.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Uptake of anti-HCV treatment increased from 53.9% in 2015 to 95.0% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In Spain, the prevalence of active HCV infection among PLWH at the end of 2019 was 2.2%, i.e. 90.0% lower than in 2015. Increased exposure to DAAs was probably the main reason for this sharp reduction. Despite the high coverage of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents, HCV-related cirrhosis remains significant in this population

Genome-wide meta-analysis for Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers

Altres ajuts: European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB; EU Joint Programme, Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND); Neurodegeneration research program of Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Alzheimer Nederland; Stichting VUmc fonds; Stichting Dioraphte; JPco-fuND FP-829-029 (ZonMW projectnumber 733051061); Dutch Federation of University Medical Centers; Dutch Government (from 2007-2011); JPND EADB grant (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) grant: 01ED1619A); German Research Foundation (DFG RA 1971/6-1, RA1971/7-1, RA 1971/8-1); Grifols SA; Fundación bancaria 'La Caixa'; Fundació ACE; CIBERNED; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER-'Una manera de hacer Europa'); NIH (P30AG066444, P01AG003991); Alzheimer Research Foundation (SAO-FRA), The Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), and the University of Antwerp Research Fund. FK is supported by a BOF DOCPRO fellowship of the University of Antwerp Research Fund; Siemens Healthineers; Valdecilla Biobank (PT17/0015/0019); Academy of Finland (338182); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01G10102, 01GI0420, 01GI0422, 01GI0423, 01GI0429, 01GI0431, 01GI0433, 04GI0434, 01GI0711); ZonMW (#73305095007); Health~Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health (PPP-allowance #LSHM20106); Hersenstichting; Edwin Bouw Fonds; Gieskes-Strijbisfonds; NWO Gravitation program BRAINSCAPES: A Roadmap from Neurogenetics to Neurobiology (NWO: 024.004.012); Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (AF-939988, AF-930582, AF-646061, AF-741361); Dementia Foundation (2020-04-13, 2021-04-17); Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALF 716681); Swedish Research Council (11267, 825-2012-5041, 2013-8717, 2015-02830, 2017-00639, 2019-01096); Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (2001-2646, 2001-2835, 2001-2849, 2003-0234, 2004-0150, 2005-0762, 2006-0020, 2008-1229, 2008-1210, 2012-1138, 2004-0145, 2006-0596, 2008-1111, 2010-0870, 2013-1202, 2013-2300, 2013-2496); Swedish Brain Power, Hjärnfonden, Sweden (FO2016-0214, FO2018-0214, FO2019-0163); Alzheimer's Association Zenith Award (ZEN-01-3151); Alzheimer's Association Stephanie B. Overstreet Scholars (IIRG-00-2159); Alzheimer's Association (IIRG-03-6168, IIRG-09-131338); Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation; Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALFGBG-81392, ALFGBG-771071); Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (AF-842471, AF-737641, AF-939825); Swedish Research Council (2019-02075); Swedish Research Council (2016-01590); BRAINSCAPES: A Roadmap from Neurogenetics to Neurobiology (024.004.012); Swedish Research Council (2018-02532); Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (ALFGBG-720931); Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (201809-2016862); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL; Swedish Research Council (#2017-00915); Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#RDAPB-201809-2016615); Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-742881); Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243); Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-715986); National Institute of Health (NIH), USA, (#1R01AG068398-01); Alzheimer's Association 2021 Zenith Award (ZEN-21-848495); National Institutes of Health (R01AG044546, R01AG064877, RF1AG053303, R01AG058501, U01AG058922, RF1AG058501, R01AG064614); Chuck Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI).Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) and phosphorylated tau (pTau) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflect core features of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) more directly than clinical diagnosis. Initiated by the European Alzheimer & Dementia Biobank (EADB), the largest collaborative effort on genetics underlying CSF biomarkers was established, including 31 cohorts with a total of 13,116 individuals (discovery n = 8074; replication n = 5042 individuals). Besides the APOE locus, novel associations with two other well-established AD risk loci were observed; CR1 was shown a locus for Aβ42 and BIN1 for pTau. GMNC and C16orf95 were further identified as loci for pTau, of which the latter is novel. Clustering methods exploring the influence of all known AD risk loci on the CSF protein levels, revealed 4 biological categories suggesting multiple Aβ42 and pTau related biological pathways involved in the etiology of AD. In functional follow-up analyses, GMNC and C16orf95 both associated with lateral ventricular volume, implying an overlap in genetic etiology for tau levels and brain ventricular volume